Sleep is a mental need as well as a physical need for humans, because during sleep it will provide an opportunity for muscles to rest. Sleep is also a time when all the experiences felt by humans every day are processed and integrated by the mind. This is really very influential on infants and children, but everything depends on how well they sleep (Graham, 2004).
Potter & Perry (2005) defines sleep as a repetitive state, a change in the state of consciousness that occurs during a certain period. Adequate sleep can restore energy. Sleep can provide time for repair and healing of the body's systems for the next period of wakefulness.
Sleep Pattern
Everyone has a sleep-wake cycle that is used to determine when is the right time to sleep. This time can be supported by light or sunlight during the day, eating habits and activities carried out as usual at certain times of the day. Someone who has a regular sleep-wake pattern is more likely to show quality sleep and better performance than people who have a changing sleep-wake pattern (Harkreader, Hogan & Thobaben, 2007).
Changed sleep patterns and if the individual has not adapted to these changes it will result in disturbed sleep patterns. Carpenito (2002) defines sleep pattern disorders as a condition when individuals experience or are at risk of experiencing changes in the quality and quantity of rest patterns that cause discomfort or interfere with the desired lifestyle.
Sleep Quality
Sleep quality is the ability of each person to maintain a state of sleep and to get appropriate stages of REM and NREM sleep (Kozier, et al, 2004). Good sleep quality will be characterized by calm sleep, feeling refreshed when you wake up in the morning and individuals feeling full of enthusiasm to carry out life activities
others (Craven & Himle, 2000).
Sleep Quantity
The quantity of sleep is the total amount of sleep an individual has (Kozier, 2004). The amount of sleep needed by each individual varies according to the stage of development, from infants to the elderly.
Sleep Disorder
Sleep disturbances are conditions which, if left untreated, will generally lead to disturbed nighttime sleep resulting in one of the following three problems; insomnia, abnormal movement sensations during sleep or when awake in the middle of the night or feeling excessively sleepy during the day (Naylor & Aldrich, 1994 in Potter & Perry, 2005). Thorpy (1994) in Potter & Perry (2005) divides sleep disorders into four categories, namely:
a. Dyssomnia
1) Intrinsic sleep disorder
Psychophysiological insomnia, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
2) Extrinsic sleep disorders
Inadequate sleep hygiene, inadequate sleep syndrome, hypnotic dependent sleep disorder, alcohol dependent sleep disorder.
3) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Time shift syndrome (jet lag), sleep disturbance due to working hours, delayed sleep phase syndrome.
b. Parasomnia
1) Disturbance of wakefulness
Sleepwalking, sleep terrors.
2) Sleep-wake transition disorder
Talking in sleep, nocturnal leg cramps.
3) Parasomnias are usually associated with REM sleep
Nightmares, REM sleep behavior disorder.
4) Miscellaneous parasomnias
Sleep bruxism (moving teeth), sleep enuresis (wetting the bed),
sudden infant death syndrome.
c. Sleep disorders related to medical/psychiatric disorders
Mood disorders, anxiety disorders
1) Associated with neurological disorders
Dementia, parkinsonism.
2) Associated with other medical disorders
Nocturnal cardiac ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
d. Sleep disturbances that are still being proposed
Sleep disturbances related to menstrual syndrome
choking while sleeping.
There are three types of sleep disorders, namely dyssomnia, parasomnias and secondary sleep disorders. The term dyssomnia relates to problems with the amount of sleep, the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Parasomnias consist of a group of problems related to states of wakefulness, partial wakefulness or transitional sleep stages. These problems can interfere with sleep, but do not usually cause excessive sleepiness. Secondary sleep disturbances are associated with psychiatric, neurological or other medical problems.
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