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Nursing Diagnosis for Peritonitis

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjffZpQ-liKR11ISAkM5aJzrpxN679ZvdDVAyxozPr1es8LJVoMojvF4WR_0GyPAdwiH5x7k0R5Vex37WvmB3mnGgjyx55MWasnOlriR2A2Ah-f2BWJ2E5Hl0BTni6-aoWJB-sgj-He6jBu0cAjdJAtSBz1HLpYZu1o2MQIYtklw_MXrxg0CdwnLG_abw=s728" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="NCP for Peritonitis" border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="728" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjffZpQ-liKR11ISAkM5aJzrpxN679ZvdDVAyxozPr1es8LJVoMojvF4WR_0GyPAdwiH5x7k0R5Vex37WvmB3mnGgjyx55MWasnOlriR2A2Ah-f2BWJ2E5Hl0BTni6-aoWJB-sgj-He6jBu0cAjdJAtSBz1HLpYZu1o2MQIYtklw_MXrxg0CdwnLG_abw=w320-h244" title="NCP for Peritonitis" width="320" /></a></div>Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi. Left untreated, peritonitis can rapidly spread into the blood (sepsis) and to other organs, resulting in multiple organ failure and death. So if you develop any of the symptoms of peritonitis -- the most common of which is severe abdominal pain -- it's essential to seek prompt medical evaluation and treatment that can prevent potentially fatal complications. Causes of Peritonitis The lining of the tummy (peritoneum) covers internal organs like the kidneys, liver and bowel. If the lining becomes infected, the internal organs it covers can also be damaged. This most often happens because of things like: <ul style="text-align: left;"><li>a burst stomach ulcer</li><li>a burst appendix</li><li>digestive problems, such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis</li><li>pancreatitis</li><li>surgery</li><li>injury to the stomach</li><li>pelvic inflammatory disease</li><li>cirrhosis</li></ul>Rarely, if bacteria gets into peritoneal dialysis equipment used to treat people with kidney failure, this can cause infection. Symptoms of Peritonitis What are symptoms of peritonitis? Each person’s symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: <ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Severe belly pain that gets worse with any motion</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Fever</li><li>Sore or swollen belly</li><li>Fluid in the belly</li><li>Not being able to have a bowel movement or pass gas</li><li>Less urine than normal</li><li>Thirst</li><li>Trouble breathing</li><li>Low blood pressure and shock</li></ul>Peritonitis symptoms may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure. Diagnosis of peritonitis Diagnosing peritonitis involves a number of tests, including:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Physical examination – the abdomen is hard and painful. There are no bowel movements or sounds.</li><li>Signs of shock – including low blood pressure, abnormal pulse rate and pale skin.</li><li>Blood tests – to check for which bacteria are responsible.</li><li>X-rays – of the abdomen.</li><li>Laparoscopy – a slender tube is inserted through an abdominal incision and the insides examined.</li><li>Peritoneal fluid culture – a sample of fluid is taken and examined for signs of infection.</li></ul> 6 Nursing Diagnosis for Peritonitis 
<ol><li><a href="http://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/nursing-diagnosis-for-acute-pain.html">Acute pain</a> related to inflammation, fever and tissue damage.</li><li><a href="http://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/nursing-diagnosis-risk-for-infection.html">Risk for infection</a> related to tissue trauma.</li><li>Imbalanced Nutrition : less than body requirements related to anorexia and vomiting.</li><li><a href="http://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/nursing-diagnosis-for-deficient-fluid.html">Deficient Fluid Volume</a> related to active fluid loss.</li><li><a href="http://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.co.id/2011/06/nursing-diagnosis-for-ineffective.html">Ineffective breathing pattern</a> related to a decrease in the depth of breathing, abdominal distension secondary and avoid pain.</li><li>Anxiety related to changes in health status.</li></ol> Source : https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/peritonitis-symptoms-causes-treatments https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peritonitis/ https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peritonitis https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peritonitis https://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.com/2015/10/6-nursing-diagnosis-for-peritonitis.html

Nursing Diagnosis for Peritonitis

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your a...

Disturbed Sleep Pattern

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnyakReX2SGOq-bJokPYZg43v20V44d-iuQH11O1UNgARM1q962EGI5Wa_9rWOUkKndAzeNWmVTMGEPc8WhP_9o60NfE8gjuTBcgTwk4fG_cf6Oeg2Z2k8dOmyknseVgr1WtGbYTxv0RJNpj6w9LlRfAsCWBhLxkfbjqIKJyCoxGQ5kO5MB0gWPYJkvw=s1300" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="1300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnyakReX2SGOq-bJokPYZg43v20V44d-iuQH11O1UNgARM1q962EGI5Wa_9rWOUkKndAzeNWmVTMGEPc8WhP_9o60NfE8gjuTBcgTwk4fG_cf6Oeg2Z2k8dOmyknseVgr1WtGbYTxv0RJNpj6w9LlRfAsCWBhLxkfbjqIKJyCoxGQ5kO5MB0gWPYJkvw=s320" width="320" /></a></div>Definition of Sleep Sleep is a mental need as well as a physical need for humans, because during sleep it will provide an opportunity for muscles to rest. Sleep is also a time when all the experiences felt by humans every day are processed and integrated by the mind. This is really very influential on infants and children, but everything depends on how well they sleep (Graham, 2004). Potter & Perry (2005) defines sleep as a repetitive state, a change in the state of consciousness that occurs during a certain period. Adequate sleep can restore energy. Sleep can provide time for repair and healing of the body's systems for the next period of wakefulness. Sleep Pattern Everyone has a sleep-wake cycle that is used to determine when is the right time to sleep. This time can be supported by light or sunlight during the day, eating habits and activities carried out as usual at certain times of the day. Someone who has a regular sleep-wake pattern is more likely to show quality sleep and better performance than people who have a changing sleep-wake pattern (Harkreader, Hogan & Thobaben, 2007). Changed sleep patterns and if the individual has not adapted to these changes it will result in disturbed sleep patterns. Carpenito (2002) defines sleep pattern disorders as a condition when individuals experience or are at risk of experiencing changes in the quality and quantity of rest patterns that cause discomfort or interfere with the desired lifestyle. Sleep Quality Sleep quality is the ability of each person to maintain a state of sleep and to get appropriate stages of REM and NREM sleep (Kozier, et al, 2004). Good sleep quality will be characterized by calm sleep, feeling refreshed when you wake up in the morning and individuals feeling full of enthusiasm to carry out life activities others (Craven & Himle, 2000). Sleep Quantity The quantity of sleep is the total amount of sleep an individual has (Kozier, 2004). The amount of sleep needed by each individual varies according to the stage of development, from infants to the elderly. Sleep Disorder Sleep disturbances are conditions which, if left untreated, will generally lead to disturbed nighttime sleep resulting in one of the following three problems; insomnia, abnormal movement sensations during sleep or when awake in the middle of the night or feeling excessively sleepy during the day (Naylor & Aldrich, 1994 in Potter & Perry, 2005). Thorpy (1994) in Potter & Perry (2005) divides sleep disorders into four categories, namely: a. Dyssomnia1) Intrinsic sleep disorder Psychophysiological insomnia, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. 2) Extrinsic sleep disorders Inadequate sleep hygiene, inadequate sleep syndrome, hypnotic dependent sleep disorder, alcohol dependent sleep disorder. 3) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders Time shift syndrome (jet lag), sleep disturbance due to working hours, delayed sleep phase syndrome. b. Parasomnia 1) Disturbance of wakefulness Sleepwalking, sleep terrors. 2) Sleep-wake transition disorder Talking in sleep, nocturnal leg cramps. 3) Parasomnias are usually associated with REM sleep Nightmares, REM sleep behavior disorder. 4) Miscellaneous parasomnias Sleep bruxism (moving teeth), sleep enuresis (wetting the bed), sudden infant death syndrome. c. Sleep disorders related to medical/psychiatric disorders Mood disorders, anxiety disorders 1) Associated with neurological disorders Dementia, parkinsonism. 2) Associated with other medical disorders Nocturnal cardiac ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. d. Sleep disturbances that are still being proposed Sleep disturbances related to menstrual syndrome choking while sleeping. There are three types of sleep disorders, namely dyssomnia, parasomnias and secondary sleep disorders. The term dyssomnia relates to problems with the amount of sleep, the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Parasomnias consist of a group of problems related to states of wakefulness, partial wakefulness or transitional sleep stages. These problems can interfere with sleep, but do not usually cause excessive sleepiness. Secondary sleep disturbances are associated with psychiatric, neurological or other medical problems.

Disturbed Sleep Pattern

Definition of Sleep Sleep is a mental need as well as a physical need for humans, because during sleep it will provide an opportunity for mu...

Sleep Disorders - Causes, Symptoms and How to Overcome

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghJrz1q5i-VfL_xO5RsuwCbkBnEAc4KDwNZh_WTHBnKf9ziCvZszYUGhMhmNshNsIcwzopV5sjZBJkHaho_kibKGybgaq2utY2mCcFYVXj81UpReQnpD6HiXkN-gXt6YT5-H00BOekao6sIQGjolA45lMUptQGJX2Sl--BJO_YzpSrxG4xtyDGOViGMw=s251" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="251" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghJrz1q5i-VfL_xO5RsuwCbkBnEAc4KDwNZh_WTHBnKf9ziCvZszYUGhMhmNshNsIcwzopV5sjZBJkHaho_kibKGybgaq2utY2mCcFYVXj81UpReQnpD6HiXkN-gXt6YT5-H00BOekao6sIQGjolA45lMUptQGJX2Sl--BJO_YzpSrxG4xtyDGOViGMw" width="251" /></a></div>Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep. People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Trouble sleeping</li><li>Frequently waking up at night and having trouble falling back asleep</li><li>Wake up too early</li><li>Feeling tired when wake up</li></ul> Types of Insomnia There are two types of insomnia: primary insomnia and secondary insomnia.<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Primary insomnia: Primary insomnia means that a person has trouble sleeping that is not directly related to another health condition or problem.</li><li>Secondary insomnia: Secondary insomnia means that a person is having trouble sleeping because of something else, such as a health condition (such as asthma, depression, arthritis, cancer, or heartburn); pain; the drugs they take; or the substances they use (such as alcohol).</li></ul> Acute vs Chronic Insomnia Insomnia also varies in how long it lasts and how often it occurs. It can be short term (acute insomnia) or it can last a long time (chronic insomnia). It can also come and go, with periods of time when a person has no trouble sleeping. Acute insomnia can last from one night to several weeks. Insomnia is called chronic when a person experiences insomnia at least three nights a week for a month or more. Causes of Insomnia Causes of acute insomnia can include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Significant life stress (loss of job or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving)</li><li>Disease</li><li>Emotional or physical discomfort</li><li>Environmental factors such as noise, light, or extreme temperatures (hot or cold) that interfere with sleep</li><li>Some medications (such as those used to treat colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) can interfere with sleep</li><li>Interference in normal sleep schedule (switching from day to night shift, for example)</li></ul> Causes of chronic insomnia include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Depression and/or anxiety</li><li>Chronic stress</li><li>Pain or discomfort at night</li></ul> Symptoms of Insomnia Symptoms of insomnia can include:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Sleepy during the day</li><li>General fatigue</li><li>Irritability</li><li>Problems with concentration or memory</li></ul> Good Sleep Habits to Overcome Insomnia Good sleep habits can help you to sleep well and overcome insomnia. Here are some tips:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Try to go to bed at the same time every night and wake up at the same time every morning.</li><li>Try not to take naps during the day, as naps can make you less sleepy at night.</li><li>Avoid using cell phones or old reading devices (“e-books”) that give off light before bed. This can make it harder to fall asleep.</li><li>Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol at the end of the day. Caffeine and nicotine are stimulants and make you fall asleep. Alcohol can cause you to wake up during the night and interfere with sleep quality.</li><li>Get regular exercise. Try not to exercise before bed, as it can stimulate you and make it difficult to fall asleep. Experts recommend not exercising at least three to four hours before bedtime.</li><li>Don't eat heavy meals at the end of the day. However, a light snack before bed can help you sleep.</li><li>Make your bedroom comfortable. Make sure that it is dark, quiet, and not too warm or too cold. If light is a problem, try a sleep mask. If noise is a problem, try earplugs, fans, or a “white noise” machine to mask the sound.</li><li>Follow a routine to help you relax before bed. Read a book, listen to music, or take a shower.</li><li>Avoid using your bed for anything other than sleep or sex.</li><li>If you can't fall asleep and don't feel sleepy, get up and read or do something less stimulating until you feel sleepy.</li><li>If you find yourself waking up worrying about something, try making a to-do list before you go to bed. This can help you not focus on those worries overnight.</li></ul> Source : <a href="https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#1">https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#1</a>

Sleep Disorders - Causes, Symptoms and How to Overcome

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep. People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms: Tr...

5 Benefits of Playing PUZZLE for Children and Toddlers

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLsyBqQ1HvjTJD7Cq6zI9CyHSvAz2jAGqRtOcyvFi-0H1zDkovyvJ75j-0FJ-YiSbSlBH1EYJWFB75n7c3zyjrhWEd-vsYLGfIF4krsk1I7w22BZZpl4Q7IUowaSZ_bQvY4fLZ6Lj15-Fb_YCQbEAP95654PCSTPqtv0M0HkdufN48VY3RxeiWPF3gbQ=s1000" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1000" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLsyBqQ1HvjTJD7Cq6zI9CyHSvAz2jAGqRtOcyvFi-0H1zDkovyvJ75j-0FJ-YiSbSlBH1EYJWFB75n7c3zyjrhWEd-vsYLGfIF4krsk1I7w22BZZpl4Q7IUowaSZ_bQvY4fLZ6Lj15-Fb_YCQbEAP95654PCSTPqtv0M0HkdufN48VY3RxeiWPF3gbQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div>There are 5 benefits of playing puzzles for children. Of course, every child always likes games. The various forms of the game will help to increase the intelligence of the baby. So, it is important for mothers to know the guidelines in choosing toys for children. Choose children's toys that not only keep them entertained, but also those that can help increase your child's intelligence. There are many various games or toys that can stimulate children's brain development, both traditional and modern toys. One type of toy that has tremendous benefits for your child's development is a puzzle. Here are 5 benefits of playing puzzles for children that you need to know. Come on, let's see the explanation! Puzzle Toys Can Improve Children's Memory Puzzle is a game by arranging pictures. In this game, your child is trained to remember a picture shape, then rearrange it correctly. This process will also help your child to remember & rearrange the shapes from the puzzle. Puzzle Toys Can Train Children's Patience Putting together the pieces of a puzzle requires special patience in a child. Playing puzzles also requires your child to be more patient & willing to practice to be able to process in order to achieve one goal. Puzzle Toys Can Train Children's Patience Putting together the pieces of a puzzle requires special patience in a child. Playing puzzles also requires your child to be more patient & willing to practice to be able to process in order to achieve one goal. Puzzle Toys Can Train Children's Motor Children who are still toddlers are practicing their fine motor skills. When he plays puzzles, the child will automatically practice to be able to regulate between his eye and hand movements. Fine motor movements like this will help improve the child's other skills, such as writing skills. Playing Puzzles Trains Children to Recognize Shapes Toddlers are still practicing in recognizing various shapes & colors of objects around them. Well Mother, this puzzle game can help children practice recognizing shapes, colors and also images contained in the puzzle. Playing Puzzles Trains Children's Ability to Solve Problems Puzzle games will help your little one to practice solving a problem. Puzzle is a type of puzzle game. When the child plays a puzzle, he is asked to put all the puzzle pieces back together. This helps develop your child's problem-solving skills. Also read: The Benefits of Playing for Your Little One's Health & Intelligence. Mother, here are 5 benefits of playing puzzles for children. Initially you can give your little one a puzzle with fewer pieces & a larger shape. Once your child is used to it, you can give him another, more complicated puzzle.

5 Benefits of Playing PUZZLE for Children and Toddlers

There are 5 benefits of playing puzzles for children. Of course, every child always likes games. The various forms of the game will help to ...

Tips for a Cheap and Fun Family Vacation

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQ8G5NhmfF15usBZe4ygzwX-ntYy0NAErWhAty-DIlkVJp-if8yE7yQvgx0forbhESvSWIqPnr6TtW0G5vtSs2IOBih9TSnkiH3AU000CJrx2yOrLbDFG9MVeKZoI60Ps2EBRMxR3fnLuoC0iwf2FenkI5n_S1k7mIAycHwHZu4GcRTIoJTUgKQOuNmQ=s474" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="474" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQ8G5NhmfF15usBZe4ygzwX-ntYy0NAErWhAty-DIlkVJp-if8yE7yQvgx0forbhESvSWIqPnr6TtW0G5vtSs2IOBih9TSnkiH3AU000CJrx2yOrLbDFG9MVeKZoI60Ps2EBRMxR3fnLuoC0iwf2FenkI5n_S1k7mIAycHwHZu4GcRTIoJTUgKQOuNmQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div>A great vacation doesn't have to go abroad. Vacation locations in our area are very beautiful places that will certainly make your vacation more economical, fun, and certainly closer to your family. So, for those of you who want a frugal and fun vacation, let's read the following tips.   1. Do a vacation location survey Before going on vacation, you definitely have to determine where you are going. To make sure that the place you want to visit matches your expectations of a vacation or not. Surveys can be done via the internet, travel books, or brochures from travel agents. In addition, by conducting surveys you can start calculating the range of money you need for a vacation to the place you are going, and also you can find out if there are promotions or discounts. so that your will to save money becomes easier. 2. Try not to go during the holiday season In most tourist attractions, prices during the holiday season will be more expensive than during the regular season. Therefore, you will be able to save even more if you go before or after the holiday season. In addition, you can be more flexible if you go not during the holiday season, because it is usually quieter, so you can enjoy your vacation more. 3. Place your order in advance After conducting a survey and having determined your destination, now you have to start ordering transportation tickets, lodging, or even if you have one, tourist tickets at the location. Usually if the order is made long ago, you will get a cheaper special price or you can get other interesting offers while you are on vacation. 4. Prioritize comfort over luxury Forget about luxury vacations if you want to save money. But don't let because you are very frugal, the vacation becomes uncomfortable. Prioritize your comfort, whether in choosing transportation, accommodation, or a vacation guide. As long as it's comfortable, everyone will be happy. And of course it will be even more fun if you can vacation comfortably, luxuriously, but cheaply. Maybe, but rarely. 5. Record expenses during the holidays Don't forget to always record every expense you make, no matter how small. This will help you organize and know where your money is going. By knowing all of that, we can reduce our chances for extravagance and extravagance that makes vacations expensive. 6. Be careful in shopping This should be your last thought, because it is often your biggest source of spending on vacation. When going to a vacation spot, of course buying souvenirs and some items is highly recommended so that you can remember your vacation moments, but don't make shopping your top priority if you don't want to run out of money on the following holiday days. look for cheap but good places to shop. Usually shopping at traditional markets will be cheaper and more diverse than souvenir shops. 7. Bring cash Always carry cash when you are on vacation. Of course not for extravagant use, but by bringing cash, you will be better able to manage your expenses during the holidays. By bringing cash, you can see immediately how much money is left, so you can think more deeply before spending money.

Tips for a Cheap and Fun Family Vacation

A great vacation doesn't have to go abroad. Vacation locations in our area are very beautiful places that will certainly make your vacat...

Pathophysiology of Malaria

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/s1280/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pathophysiology of Malaria" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/w320-h180/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" title="Pathophysiology of Malaria" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malaria</td></tr></tbody></table>Plasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in just a few minutes after this parasite is injected by a feeding female Anopheles mosquito.There are two stages of development of malaria, namely the exoerthrocitic stage and the erythrocitic stage. The exoeryhrocitic stage is the stage where infection occurs in the human liver system caused by the plasmodium parasite, while the erythrocitic stage is the stage of infection in red blood cells (erythrocytes).After entering through the blood and reaching the human liver system, this parasite will multiply rapidly which then exits and infects red blood cells, which is the process that causes fever in malaria sufferers. Furthermore, the plasmodium parasite will continue to multiply in red blood cells which then come out to infect other red blood cells that are still healthy, this is what causes symptoms of fever or fluctuating fever in malaria sufferers.Although the human spleen system can actually destroy red blood cells infected by parasites, the Plasmodium falciparum parasite can make red blood cells stick to small blood vessels by releasing adhesive proteins, so that infected red blood cells cannot enter the spleen system to be destroyed. With this ability, Plasmodium falciparum often becomes an acute malaria disease, due to the ability to attach infected red blood cells to the walls of small blood vessels simultaneously so that it can block blood circulation to the brain which often results in a coma in malaria sufferers.In contrast, some plasmodium vivax or ovale parasites do not have a lethal tendency like Plasmdium falciparum, but have the ability to produce hypnosoites that remain active for months or even years. So that people with malaria caused by Plasmodium often experience new malaria relapses and relapses for several months or even years after being infected for the first time and is very difficult to eradicate completely from the infected human body.The pathophysiology of malaria is not known with certainty. The pathophysiology of malaria is multifactorial and may be related to the following:1. Erythrocyte destruction.The destruction of erythrocytes is not only by rupture of erythrocytes containing parasites, but also by phagocytosis of erythrocytes containing parasites and those that do not contain parasites, causing anemia and tissue anoxia. With severe intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) may occur and may result in renal failure.2. Endotoxin-macrophage mediators.During schizogony, erythrocytes containing parasites trigger endotoxin-sensitive macrophages to release various mediators that play a role in changes in the pathophysiology of malaria. Endotoxin is not present in the malaria parasite, probably from the gastrointestinal tract. The malaria parasite itself can release tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is a monokine, found in the blood of animals and humans infected with the malaria parasite. TNF and other related cytokines cause fever, hypoglycemia and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with sequestration of neutrophil cells in the pulmonary vasculature. TNF can also destroy Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and can increase the attachment of parasitized erythrocytes to the capillary endothelium. Serum TNF concentrations in children with acute falciparum malaria are directly related to mortality, hypoglycemia, hyperparasitemia and disease severity.3. Sequestration of infected erythrocytes.Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum at an advanced stage can form knobs on their surface. These protrusions contain malaria antigens and react with malaria antibodies and are related to the affinity of erythrocytes containing Plasmodium falciparum to the endothelium of blood capillaries in the internal organs, so that schizogony takes place in the internal circulation, not in the peripheral circulation. Infected erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium of the blood capillaries and form a clot (sludge) that blocks the capillaries in the internal organs.Proteins and fluids seep through the leaky capillary membrane (become permeable) and cause tissue anoxia and edema. Sufficiently widespread tissue anoxia can cause death. Histidine-rich protein P. falciparum was found in the protrusions, there were at least four kinds of protein for the cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium P. falciparum. <a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2014/11/malaria-5-nursing-diagnosis.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Malaria - 5 Nursing Diagnosis</a><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2017/01/12-type-of-mosquito-that-may-be-around.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">12 Types of Mosquito That May be Around You</a><div><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2021/09/pathophysiology-of-urticaria.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Pathophysiology of Urticaria</a></div>

Pathophysiology of Malaria

Malaria Plasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in jus...

Pathophysiology of Urticaria

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPnmw2AXLdhABw8iOIeFO-XpON3AW8Ahw1waLmCj6EFu2Oa5RH6gdlf_BWWGc5SI3dcpFiDnlzkqDEFjZ28aNlkWlNrg8U0Gn4evDpIKpg6sqe_LZISX0do43J_4k2nQZrYz7dYPxlVY8/s800/Pathophysiology+of+Urticaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pathophysiology of Urticaria" border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="800" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPnmw2AXLdhABw8iOIeFO-XpON3AW8Ahw1waLmCj6EFu2Oa5RH6gdlf_BWWGc5SI3dcpFiDnlzkqDEFjZ28aNlkWlNrg8U0Gn4evDpIKpg6sqe_LZISX0do43J_4k2nQZrYz7dYPxlVY8/w320-h217/Pathophysiology+of+Urticaria.jpg" title="Pathophysiology of Urticaria" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Urticaria</td></tr></tbody></table>Urticaria is common and results from mast cell degranulation (type 1 immunologic reaction) in response to antigens, with the release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators, leading to erythema and edema. Of these patients, 70% had idiopathic urticaria (where the antigen is unknown), the remainder had other forms of urticaria. Urticaria, if severe, can also affect the subcutaneous tissue and cause angioedema (swelling of the hands, lips, around the eyes, and although rare, it is important to pay attention to the tongue or larynx). (Davey, 2005)The process of acute urticaria begins with the binding of antigens to interconnected IgE receptors and then attachment to mast cells or basophils. Furthermore, activation of mast cells and basophils will mediate the release of various inflammatory mediators. Mast cells produce histamine, tryptase, chyme, and cytokines. These substances increase the degranulation ability of mast cells and stimulate increased ELAM and VCAM activity, which triggers migration of lymphocytes and granulocytes to the site of urticarial lesions (Anonymous, 2007).This event triggers an increase in vascular permeability and causes localized edema known as wheal. The patient feels itching and swelling in the dermal layer of the skin. Acute urticaria can occur systemically if the allergen is absorbed deeper into the skin and reaches the circulation. This condition occurs in contact urticaria, for example urticaria that occurs due to wearing latex gloves, where the latex is absorbed by the skin and enters the bloodstream, causing systemic urticaria.Acute urticaria can also occur on stimulation of mast cells in the absence of IgE binding to allergens. For example, on exposure to radiocontrast media, where during the radiological process, there will be a change in osmolality in the environment which causes mast cells to degranulate (Anonymous, 2007).Immunological and non-immunologic factors are able to stimulate mast cells or basophils to release these mediators. In the non-immunologic, cyclic AMP (adenosine mono phosphate) may play an important role in mediator release. Several chemicals such as amines and amide derivatives, drugs such as morphine, codeine, polymyxin, and some antibiotics play a role in this condition.Cholinergic substances such as acetylcholine, released by cutaneous cholinergic nerves whose mechanism is not yet known, can directly influence mast cells to release mediators. Physical factors such as heat, cold, blunt trauma, X-rays, and massage can directly stimulate mast cells. Some conditions such as fever, heat, emotion, and alcohol can stimulate the capillaries directly, resulting in vasodilation and increased permeability (Djuanda, 2008).Immunological factors play a more important role in acute urticaria than chronic, usually IgE binds to the surface of mast cells and/or basophil cells due to the presence of Fc receptors. This situation is clearly seen in type I reactions (anaphylaxis), such as drug and food allergies.Complement also plays a role, classically or alternatively activation of complement causes the release of anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a) which can stimulate mast cells and basophils, for example seen as a result of venom or bacterial toxins. Complement binding also occurs in urticaria due to cytotoxic reactions and immune complexes in this condition are also released anaphylatoxins. Urticaria due to contact occurs using insect ingredients, cosmetic ingredients, and cephalosporins. <a href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2014/11/pathophysiology-of-tinnitus.html" itemprop="url" style="background-color: white; color: #141414; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration-line: none;">Pathophysiology of Tinnitus</a>

Pathophysiology of Urticaria

Urticaria Urticaria is common and results from mast cell degranulation (type 1 immunologic reaction) in response to antigens, with the relea...

NCP for Combustion (Burning) - 5 Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals.Thermal (heat) burns occur when some or all of the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>hot liquids (scalds)</li><li>hot solids (contact burns), or</li><li>flames (flame burns).(https://www.who.int)</li></ul><div>

Nursing Diagnosis :<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Fluid volume deficit related to active fluid loss</li><li>Acute pain related to burn injury</li><li>Impaired skin integrity related to open wounds</li><li>Hyperthermia related to dehydration and infection</li><li>Anxiety related to changes in health status</li></ol>Nursing Interventions

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 463px;">
 <tbody><tr style="height: 19.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
 <td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 No.
 </td>
 <td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Nursing Diagnosis
 </td>
 <td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 Goal
 </td>
 <td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Interventions
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 1.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Fluid volume deficit related to active fluid loss
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Fluid balance
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Blood pressure within expected range
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Balance intake and output in 24 hours
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No peripheral edema
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No abnormal thirst
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Hematocrit within normal limits
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Hydration
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No peripheral edema
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No abnormal thirst
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Blood pressure within normal limits
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Hematocrit within normal limits
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Nutritional status: food and fluid intake
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Oral food intake
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Oral fluid intake
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Total parenteral nutrition
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Fluid management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">1.    
 Maintain accurate intake and output records
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">2.    
 Monitor hydration status (moisture of mucous
 membranes and adequate pulse), if necessary
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">3.    
 Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes – 1 hour
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">4.    
 Monitor food/fluid intake and calculate daily
 calorie intake
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">5.    
 Collaboration IV fluid administration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">6.    
 Monitor nutritional status
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">7.    
 Give oral fluids
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Hypovolemic management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -15.9pt;">1.    
 Monitor fluid status including fluid intake
 and output
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -15.9pt;">2.    
 Monitor laboratory results in accordance with
 fluid retention (BUN, electrolytes, hematocrit, urine osmolality, albumin,
 and total protein)
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -15.9pt;">3.    
 Monitor the patient's response to fluid
 additions
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 2.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Acute pain related to burn injury
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Pain level
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Reporting pain Duration of pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Facial expression when in pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Muscle tension
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Pain control
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Recognizing pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Shows the causal factor
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report changes in pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report pain control
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Degree of discomfort
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Pain, anxiety
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Moaning
 <o:p> </o:p>
 4. Vital signs
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Radial pulse
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Respiratory rate
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Pain Management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">1.   
 Perform a comprehensive pain assessment
 including location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality, and
 precipitating factors
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">2.   
 Observe nonverbal reactions and discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">3.   
 Environmental controls that can affect pain
 such as room temperature, lighting, and noise
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">4.   
 Teach about non-pharmacological techniques:
 deep breathing, relaxation, and distraction.
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">5.   
 Collaborative administration of analgesics to
 reduce pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">6.   
 Increase rest
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">7.   
 Provide information about pain such as the
 cause of the pain, how long it will take for the pain to subside and
 anticipated discomfort from the procedure.
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Analgesic Administration:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">1.   
 Determine the location, characteristics,
 quality and degree of pain before administering the drug
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">2.   
 Check the doctor's instructions about the type
 of drug, dosage, and frequency
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">3.   
 Check allergy history
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">4.   
 Evaluation of analgesic effectiveness
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Environmental Management:
 convenience
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">1.    
 Determining the source of discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">2.    
 Provide a safe and clean environment
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">3.    
 Facilitate a comfortable patient position
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 3.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Impaired skin integrity related to open wounds
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Tissue integrity: skin and mucous membranes
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Sensation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Tissue perfusion
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin integrity
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Wound healing
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Scar formation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 The smell of rotten wounds
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Sensory function: skin
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Loss of sensation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Paresthesia
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Pressure Management :
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Instruct the patient to wear loose clothing
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Avoid wrinkles on the bed
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Keep skin clean to keep it clean and dry
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Patient mobilization (change patient position)
 every 2 hours
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Monitor patient activity and mobilization
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Adjust the position to avoid pressure or
 tension on the wound
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 skin monitor
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Injury cure :
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Burn treatment with hydrotherapy and
 debridement
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Maintain sterile technique when performing
 wound care
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Compare every change
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 4.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Hyperthermia related to dehydration and infection
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Thermoregulation
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report temperature discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Decrease in skin temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin discoloration, muscle twitching,
 dehydration
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Vital signs
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Body temperature, apical heart rate, apical
 heart rhythm
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Radial pulse. Respiratory rate, breathing
 rhythm, systolic blood pressure
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Fever management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Monitor temperature as often as possible
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Monitor skin color and temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Monitor BP, pulse, RR
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Give treatment to overcome the cause of fever
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Improve blood circulation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Increase fluid intake and nutrition
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 Leukocyte monitor
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Monitoring vital signs
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Monitor presence and quality of pulse
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Monitor skin tone, temperature and humidity
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Identify possible causes of changes in vital
 signs
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 5.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Anxiety related to changes in health status
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Self-anxiety control
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Facial expressions
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Expression of anxiety symptoms
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Anxiety level
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Facial expressions
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Body language
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Coping
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Decreased anxiety
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Use a calming approach
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Explain all procedures
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Provide factual information about the
 diagnosis
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Involve the family to accompany the patient
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Instruct patient to use relaxation techniques
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Identify anxiety levels
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 Encourage patient to express feelings, fears,
 and perceptions
 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>

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NCP for Combustion (Burning) - 5 Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction o...