Purba Java: Malaria

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/s1280/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pathophysiology of Malaria" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/w320-h180/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" title="Pathophysiology of Malaria" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malaria</td></tr></tbody></table>Plasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in just a few minutes after this parasite is injected by a feeding female Anopheles mosquito.There are two stages of development of malaria, namely the exoerthrocitic stage and the erythrocitic stage. The exoeryhrocitic stage is the stage where infection occurs in the human liver system caused by the plasmodium parasite, while the erythrocitic stage is the stage of infection in red blood cells (erythrocytes).After entering through the blood and reaching the human liver system, this parasite will multiply rapidly which then exits and infects red blood cells, which is the process that causes fever in malaria sufferers. Furthermore, the plasmodium parasite will continue to multiply in red blood cells which then come out to infect other red blood cells that are still healthy, this is what causes symptoms of fever or fluctuating fever in malaria sufferers.Although the human spleen system can actually destroy red blood cells infected by parasites, the Plasmodium falciparum parasite can make red blood cells stick to small blood vessels by releasing adhesive proteins, so that infected red blood cells cannot enter the spleen system to be destroyed. With this ability, Plasmodium falciparum often becomes an acute malaria disease, due to the ability to attach infected red blood cells to the walls of small blood vessels simultaneously so that it can block blood circulation to the brain which often results in a coma in malaria sufferers.In contrast, some plasmodium vivax or ovale parasites do not have a lethal tendency like Plasmdium falciparum, but have the ability to produce hypnosoites that remain active for months or even years. So that people with malaria caused by Plasmodium often experience new malaria relapses and relapses for several months or even years after being infected for the first time and is very difficult to eradicate completely from the infected human body.The pathophysiology of malaria is not known with certainty. The pathophysiology of malaria is multifactorial and may be related to the following:1. Erythrocyte destruction.The destruction of erythrocytes is not only by rupture of erythrocytes containing parasites, but also by phagocytosis of erythrocytes containing parasites and those that do not contain parasites, causing anemia and tissue anoxia. With severe intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) may occur and may result in renal failure.2. Endotoxin-macrophage mediators.During schizogony, erythrocytes containing parasites trigger endotoxin-sensitive macrophages to release various mediators that play a role in changes in the pathophysiology of malaria. Endotoxin is not present in the malaria parasite, probably from the gastrointestinal tract. The malaria parasite itself can release tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is a monokine, found in the blood of animals and humans infected with the malaria parasite. TNF and other related cytokines cause fever, hypoglycemia and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with sequestration of neutrophil cells in the pulmonary vasculature. TNF can also destroy Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and can increase the attachment of parasitized erythrocytes to the capillary endothelium. Serum TNF concentrations in children with acute falciparum malaria are directly related to mortality, hypoglycemia, hyperparasitemia and disease severity.3. Sequestration of infected erythrocytes.Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum at an advanced stage can form knobs on their surface. These protrusions contain malaria antigens and react with malaria antibodies and are related to the affinity of erythrocytes containing Plasmodium falciparum to the endothelium of blood capillaries in the internal organs, so that schizogony takes place in the internal circulation, not in the peripheral circulation. Infected erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium of the blood capillaries and form a clot (sludge) that blocks the capillaries in the internal organs.Proteins and fluids seep through the leaky capillary membrane (become permeable) and cause tissue anoxia and edema. Sufficiently widespread tissue anoxia can cause death. Histidine-rich protein P. falciparum was found in the protrusions, there were at least four kinds of protein for the cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium P. falciparum. <a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2014/11/malaria-5-nursing-diagnosis.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Malaria - 5 Nursing Diagnosis</a><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2017/01/12-type-of-mosquito-that-may-be-around.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">12 Types of Mosquito That May be Around You</a><div><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2021/09/pathophysiology-of-urticaria.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Pathophysiology of Urticaria</a></div>

Pathophysiology of Malaria

Malaria Plasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in jus...

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Nursing Care Plan for Malaria 
 
Definition 
 
Malaria is a parasitic infection of red blood cells caused by a species of Plasmodium protozoa transmitted to humans through the saliva of mosquitoes (Corwin, 2000, p 125). 
 
Malaria is an infectious disease with periodic fever, which is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted by mosquitoes similar Anopeles (Tjay & Prog, 2000). 
 
 
Etiology 
 
According Harijanto (2000) there are four species of plasmodium that can cause infection, namely : 
<ul>
<li>Plasmodium vivax</li>
<li>Plasmodium falciparumc.</li>
<li>Plasmodium ovale.</li>
</ul>
 
Characteristics of Mosquitoes 
 
According Harijanto (2000) Malaria in humans can only be transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. More than 400 species of Anopheles in the world, only about 67 were found to contain sporozoites and can transmit malaria. 
Anopheles mosquito breeding varies, there is in fresh water, brackish water and some are nested in a puddle of water on the branches of a large tree (Slamet, 2002, p 103). 
 
Characteristics of Anopheles mosquitoes are as follows: 
<ul>
<li>Living in the tropical and sub-tropical, found living in the lowlands.</li>
<li>Bite between dusk (night) and early in the morning ..</li>
<li>Usually stay in the house, outside the house, and the mosquitoes like to bite humans (blood sucking).</li>
<li>Flight distance of no more than 2-3 km.</li>
<li>At the time of biting the back pointing upwards at an angle of 48 degrees.</li>
<li>Life cycle takes ± 1 week.</li>
<li>Prefer to live in a swamp area.</li>
</ul>
 
 
Nursing Diagnosis in patients with malaria based on the signs and symptoms can be described as below (Doengoes, Moorhouse and Geissler, 1999) : 
 
1. Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to inadequate food intake ; anorexia ; nausea / vomiting. 
 
2. Risk for infection related to a decrease in the immune system; invasive procedures. 
 
3. Hyperthermia related to increased metabolism, dehydration, a direct effect of circulating germs in the hypothalamus. 
 
4. Altered tissue perfusion related to a decrease in the cellular components needed for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients in the body. 
 
5. Knowledge Deficit: about the disease, prognosis and treatment needs related to lack of exposure / recall errors of interpretation of information, cognitive limitations.

Malaria - 5 Nursing Diagnosis

Nursing Care Plan for Malaria Definition Malaria is a parasitic infection of red blood cells caused by a species of Plasmodium protozo...