Purba Java

Pathophysiology of Malaria

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/s1280/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pathophysiology of Malaria" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xdjo6qkzdAWhjftkOfM_X9EBlzlWvK6MLy-XuzgRE1lPk6Wa-cQSeOlTZUA4qog6l6a7EOLtu0I8YhtVjF-8kmQfiBlUEJQ1o3eJuW6j-rjUAyiZS32sOTZmi-GtwL-j3wY0A2lqBp-o/w320-h180/Pathophysiology+of+Malaria.jpg" title="Pathophysiology of Malaria" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malaria</td></tr></tbody></table>Plasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in just a few minutes after this parasite is injected by a feeding female Anopheles mosquito.There are two stages of development of malaria, namely the exoerthrocitic stage and the erythrocitic stage. The exoeryhrocitic stage is the stage where infection occurs in the human liver system caused by the plasmodium parasite, while the erythrocitic stage is the stage of infection in red blood cells (erythrocytes).After entering through the blood and reaching the human liver system, this parasite will multiply rapidly which then exits and infects red blood cells, which is the process that causes fever in malaria sufferers. Furthermore, the plasmodium parasite will continue to multiply in red blood cells which then come out to infect other red blood cells that are still healthy, this is what causes symptoms of fever or fluctuating fever in malaria sufferers.Although the human spleen system can actually destroy red blood cells infected by parasites, the Plasmodium falciparum parasite can make red blood cells stick to small blood vessels by releasing adhesive proteins, so that infected red blood cells cannot enter the spleen system to be destroyed. With this ability, Plasmodium falciparum often becomes an acute malaria disease, due to the ability to attach infected red blood cells to the walls of small blood vessels simultaneously so that it can block blood circulation to the brain which often results in a coma in malaria sufferers.In contrast, some plasmodium vivax or ovale parasites do not have a lethal tendency like Plasmdium falciparum, but have the ability to produce hypnosoites that remain active for months or even years. So that people with malaria caused by Plasmodium often experience new malaria relapses and relapses for several months or even years after being infected for the first time and is very difficult to eradicate completely from the infected human body.The pathophysiology of malaria is not known with certainty. The pathophysiology of malaria is multifactorial and may be related to the following:1. Erythrocyte destruction.The destruction of erythrocytes is not only by rupture of erythrocytes containing parasites, but also by phagocytosis of erythrocytes containing parasites and those that do not contain parasites, causing anemia and tissue anoxia. With severe intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) may occur and may result in renal failure.2. Endotoxin-macrophage mediators.During schizogony, erythrocytes containing parasites trigger endotoxin-sensitive macrophages to release various mediators that play a role in changes in the pathophysiology of malaria. Endotoxin is not present in the malaria parasite, probably from the gastrointestinal tract. The malaria parasite itself can release tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is a monokine, found in the blood of animals and humans infected with the malaria parasite. TNF and other related cytokines cause fever, hypoglycemia and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with sequestration of neutrophil cells in the pulmonary vasculature. TNF can also destroy Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and can increase the attachment of parasitized erythrocytes to the capillary endothelium. Serum TNF concentrations in children with acute falciparum malaria are directly related to mortality, hypoglycemia, hyperparasitemia and disease severity.3. Sequestration of infected erythrocytes.Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum at an advanced stage can form knobs on their surface. These protrusions contain malaria antigens and react with malaria antibodies and are related to the affinity of erythrocytes containing Plasmodium falciparum to the endothelium of blood capillaries in the internal organs, so that schizogony takes place in the internal circulation, not in the peripheral circulation. Infected erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium of the blood capillaries and form a clot (sludge) that blocks the capillaries in the internal organs.Proteins and fluids seep through the leaky capillary membrane (become permeable) and cause tissue anoxia and edema. Sufficiently widespread tissue anoxia can cause death. Histidine-rich protein P. falciparum was found in the protrusions, there were at least four kinds of protein for the cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium P. falciparum. <a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2014/11/malaria-5-nursing-diagnosis.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Malaria - 5 Nursing Diagnosis</a><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2017/01/12-type-of-mosquito-that-may-be-around.html" style="background-color: white; color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">12 Types of Mosquito That May be Around You</a><div><a class="titlex" href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2021/09/pathophysiology-of-urticaria.html" style="color: #0e0e0e; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 200px; overflow: visible; text-decoration-line: none;">Pathophysiology of Urticaria</a></div>

Pathophysiology of Malaria

MalariaPlasmodium parasites that reproduce by separating the body can multiply in the human liver system very quickly into thousands in just a few minutes after this parasite is injected by a feeding …

Pathophysiology of Urticaria

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPnmw2AXLdhABw8iOIeFO-XpON3AW8Ahw1waLmCj6EFu2Oa5RH6gdlf_BWWGc5SI3dcpFiDnlzkqDEFjZ28aNlkWlNrg8U0Gn4evDpIKpg6sqe_LZISX0do43J_4k2nQZrYz7dYPxlVY8/s800/Pathophysiology+of+Urticaria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pathophysiology of Urticaria" border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="800" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPnmw2AXLdhABw8iOIeFO-XpON3AW8Ahw1waLmCj6EFu2Oa5RH6gdlf_BWWGc5SI3dcpFiDnlzkqDEFjZ28aNlkWlNrg8U0Gn4evDpIKpg6sqe_LZISX0do43J_4k2nQZrYz7dYPxlVY8/w320-h217/Pathophysiology+of+Urticaria.jpg" title="Pathophysiology of Urticaria" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Urticaria</td></tr></tbody></table>Urticaria is common and results from mast cell degranulation (type 1 immunologic reaction) in response to antigens, with the release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators, leading to erythema and edema. Of these patients, 70% had idiopathic urticaria (where the antigen is unknown), the remainder had other forms of urticaria. Urticaria, if severe, can also affect the subcutaneous tissue and cause angioedema (swelling of the hands, lips, around the eyes, and although rare, it is important to pay attention to the tongue or larynx). (Davey, 2005)The process of acute urticaria begins with the binding of antigens to interconnected IgE receptors and then attachment to mast cells or basophils. Furthermore, activation of mast cells and basophils will mediate the release of various inflammatory mediators. Mast cells produce histamine, tryptase, chyme, and cytokines. These substances increase the degranulation ability of mast cells and stimulate increased ELAM and VCAM activity, which triggers migration of lymphocytes and granulocytes to the site of urticarial lesions (Anonymous, 2007).This event triggers an increase in vascular permeability and causes localized edema known as wheal. The patient feels itching and swelling in the dermal layer of the skin. Acute urticaria can occur systemically if the allergen is absorbed deeper into the skin and reaches the circulation. This condition occurs in contact urticaria, for example urticaria that occurs due to wearing latex gloves, where the latex is absorbed by the skin and enters the bloodstream, causing systemic urticaria.Acute urticaria can also occur on stimulation of mast cells in the absence of IgE binding to allergens. For example, on exposure to radiocontrast media, where during the radiological process, there will be a change in osmolality in the environment which causes mast cells to degranulate (Anonymous, 2007).Immunological and non-immunologic factors are able to stimulate mast cells or basophils to release these mediators. In the non-immunologic, cyclic AMP (adenosine mono phosphate) may play an important role in mediator release. Several chemicals such as amines and amide derivatives, drugs such as morphine, codeine, polymyxin, and some antibiotics play a role in this condition.Cholinergic substances such as acetylcholine, released by cutaneous cholinergic nerves whose mechanism is not yet known, can directly influence mast cells to release mediators. Physical factors such as heat, cold, blunt trauma, X-rays, and massage can directly stimulate mast cells. Some conditions such as fever, heat, emotion, and alcohol can stimulate the capillaries directly, resulting in vasodilation and increased permeability (Djuanda, 2008).Immunological factors play a more important role in acute urticaria than chronic, usually IgE binds to the surface of mast cells and/or basophil cells due to the presence of Fc receptors. This situation is clearly seen in type I reactions (anaphylaxis), such as drug and food allergies.Complement also plays a role, classically or alternatively activation of complement causes the release of anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a) which can stimulate mast cells and basophils, for example seen as a result of venom or bacterial toxins. Complement binding also occurs in urticaria due to cytotoxic reactions and immune complexes in this condition are also released anaphylatoxins. Urticaria due to contact occurs using insect ingredients, cosmetic ingredients, and cephalosporins. <a href="https://purba-java-indo.blogspot.com/2014/11/pathophysiology-of-tinnitus.html" itemprop="url" style="background-color: white; color: #141414; display: inline !important; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration-line: none;">Pathophysiology of Tinnitus</a>

Pathophysiology of Urticaria

UrticariaUrticaria is common and results from mast cell degranulation (type 1 immunologic reaction) in response to antigens, with the release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators, leading to er…

NCP for Combustion (Burning) - 5 Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals.Thermal (heat) burns occur when some or all of the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by:<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>hot liquids (scalds)</li><li>hot solids (contact burns), or</li><li>flames (flame burns).(https://www.who.int)</li></ul><div>

Nursing Diagnosis :<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Fluid volume deficit related to active fluid loss</li><li>Acute pain related to burn injury</li><li>Impaired skin integrity related to open wounds</li><li>Hyperthermia related to dehydration and infection</li><li>Anxiety related to changes in health status</li></ol>Nursing Interventions

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 No.
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 Nursing Diagnosis
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 Goal
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 Interventions
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 1.
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 Fluid volume deficit related to active fluid loss
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 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Fluid balance
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Blood pressure within expected range
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Balance intake and output in 24 hours
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No peripheral edema
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No abnormal thirst
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Hematocrit within normal limits
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Hydration
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 No peripheral edema
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 No abnormal thirst
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 Blood pressure within normal limits
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 Hematocrit within normal limits
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Nutritional status: food and fluid intake
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Oral food intake
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 Oral fluid intake
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 Total parenteral nutrition
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 Fluid management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">1.    
 Maintain accurate intake and output records
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">2.    
 Monitor hydration status (moisture of mucous
 membranes and adequate pulse), if necessary
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">3.    
 Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes – 1 hour
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 Monitor food/fluid intake and calculate daily
 calorie intake
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">5.    
 Collaboration IV fluid administration
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 Monitor nutritional status
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.9pt;">7.    
 Give oral fluids
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Hypovolemic management:
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 Monitor fluid status including fluid intake
 and output
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -15.9pt;">2.    
 Monitor laboratory results in accordance with
 fluid retention (BUN, electrolytes, hematocrit, urine osmolality, albumin,
 and total protein)
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -15.9pt;">3.    
 Monitor the patient's response to fluid
 additions
 <o:p> </o:p>
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 2.
 </td>
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 Acute pain related to burn injury
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 1. Pain level
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Reporting pain Duration of pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Facial expression when in pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -15.85pt;">·      
 Muscle tension
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Pain control
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Recognizing pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Shows the causal factor
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report changes in pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report pain control
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Degree of discomfort
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Pain, anxiety
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Moaning
 <o:p> </o:p>
 4. Vital signs
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Radial pulse
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Respiratory rate
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Pain Management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">1.   
 Perform a comprehensive pain assessment
 including location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality, and
 precipitating factors
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">2.   
 Observe nonverbal reactions and discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">3.   
 Environmental controls that can affect pain
 such as room temperature, lighting, and noise
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">4.   
 Teach about non-pharmacological techniques:
 deep breathing, relaxation, and distraction.
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">5.   
 Collaborative administration of analgesics to
 reduce pain
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">6.   
 Increase rest
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">7.   
 Provide information about pain such as the
 cause of the pain, how long it will take for the pain to subside and
 anticipated discomfort from the procedure.
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Analgesic Administration:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">1.   
 Determine the location, characteristics,
 quality and degree of pain before administering the drug
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">2.   
 Check the doctor's instructions about the type
 of drug, dosage, and frequency
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">3.   
 Check allergy history
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;">4.   
 Evaluation of analgesic effectiveness
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Environmental Management:
 convenience
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">1.    
 Determining the source of discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">2.    
 Provide a safe and clean environment
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -15.85pt;">3.    
 Facilitate a comfortable patient position
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 3.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Impaired skin integrity related to open wounds
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Tissue integrity: skin and mucous membranes
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Sensation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Hydration
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Tissue perfusion
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin integrity
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Wound healing
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Scar formation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 The smell of rotten wounds
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Sensory function: skin
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Loss of sensation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Paresthesia
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Pressure Management :
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Instruct the patient to wear loose clothing
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Avoid wrinkles on the bed
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Keep skin clean to keep it clean and dry
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Patient mobilization (change patient position)
 every 2 hours
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Monitor patient activity and mobilization
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Adjust the position to avoid pressure or
 tension on the wound
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 skin monitor
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Injury cure :
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Burn treatment with hydrotherapy and
 debridement
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Maintain sterile technique when performing
 wound care
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Compare every change
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 4.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Hyperthermia related to dehydration and infection
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Thermoregulation
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Report temperature discomfort
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Decrease in skin temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Skin discoloration, muscle twitching,
 dehydration
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Vital signs
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Body temperature, apical heart rate, apical
 heart rhythm
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Radial pulse. Respiratory rate, breathing
 rhythm, systolic blood pressure
 <o:p> </o:p>
 <o:p> </o:p>
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Fever management:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Monitor temperature as often as possible
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Monitor skin color and temperature
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Monitor BP, pulse, RR
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Give treatment to overcome the cause of fever
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Improve blood circulation
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Increase fluid intake and nutrition
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 Leukocyte monitor
 <o:p> </o:p>
 Monitoring vital signs
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Monitor presence and quality of pulse
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Monitor skin tone, temperature and humidity
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Identify possible causes of changes in vital
 signs
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
 <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.4pt;" valign="top" width="26">
 5.
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103">
 Anxiety related to changes in health status
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.2pt;" valign="top" width="152">
 1. Self-anxiety control
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Facial expressions
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Expression of anxiety symptoms
 <o:p> </o:p>
 2. Anxiety level
 Indicator:
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Facial expressions
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -14.2pt;">·     
 Body language
 <o:p> </o:p>
 3. Coping
 </td>
 <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.8pt;" valign="top" width="182">
 Decreased anxiety
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.   
 Use a calming approach
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.   
 Explain all procedures
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.   
 Provide factual information about the
 diagnosis
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">4.   
 Involve the family to accompany the patient
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">5.   
 Instruct patient to use relaxation techniques
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">6.   
 Identify anxiety levels
 <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -14.2pt;">7.   
 Encourage patient to express feelings, fears,
 and perceptions
 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>

<o:p> </o:p>

NCP for Combustion (Burning) - 5 Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals.Thermal (heat) burns occur when som…

5 Unique Cameras

For professional photographers, the best camera is the camera with the best capture, camera resolution, sensor, and ISO is a camera that must be taken anywhere. Well, for those who are not professional photographers, consider having a cute and unique camera.A unique and funny camera, of course not used to take pre-wedding or other photogenic pictures, well. The resulting photos are usually more unique and interesting to look at. Not only that, some cameras also have unique capture techniques, such as spy cams for example, which allow you to take pictures without the object being noticed.So, before buying a camera, first determine what the purpose of the camera is. You can choose a DSLR camera for more professional shooting. However, for unique shots, or casual walks, then a cute and unique camera might be the right choice. Or, cameras such as camera rolls, lomography cameras and "spy" cameras can be your choice to fill your vacation time.1. Sling Shot Camera 1126<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKe3VAWgc5KDt8F4geDWPN8fCFI3p4-FwJEWIRym4wwPpt7yOlmS4lRsSrhbroE-KZdwOPP1bQwvdIJ-SDKj8EOAXfC4T7YbPle5YbWHz_YlqaOHLeEr0F7iUzLrhgUZaNII4bjUizi_2/s400/Sling+Shot+Camera+1126+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sling Shot Camera 1126" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKe3VAWgc5KDt8F4geDWPN8fCFI3p4-FwJEWIRym4wwPpt7yOlmS4lRsSrhbroE-KZdwOPP1bQwvdIJ-SDKj8EOAXfC4T7YbPle5YbWHz_YlqaOHLeEr0F7iUzLrhgUZaNII4bjUizi_2/w320-h170/Sling+Shot+Camera+1126+1.jpg" title="Sling Shot Camera 1126" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtEqG-ijs2pN_cYjlNr9swrBsqadRJTeZ5OM8pAe7FuA94PtQn_7LDEIBGFkZpB_VhnG5Ag9Ak-UhIAl8fdoev_X0gic0W0GOzDT0OOsYqvhsRl0_H_iSX_StyD_jgmNHR4Dv066H_o29X/s400/Sling+Shot+Camera+1126.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sling Shot Camera 1126" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtEqG-ijs2pN_cYjlNr9swrBsqadRJTeZ5OM8pAe7FuA94PtQn_7LDEIBGFkZpB_VhnG5Ag9Ak-UhIAl8fdoev_X0gic0W0GOzDT0OOsYqvhsRl0_H_iSX_StyD_jgmNHR4Dv066H_o29X/w320-h170/Sling+Shot+Camera+1126.jpg" title="Sling Shot Camera 1126" width="320" /></a></div>The slingshot-shaped camera was designed by 2 Korean designers named Eom Sung Young and Im Jung Eun. It works, just like a real catapult if you want to take pictures. By pulling the rubber that functions as the shutter button. Sling Shot Camera is equipped with an LCD screen and 2 flash lights. 2. Cardboard Camera<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicgVPLEke-HXx7eMLFaXUuxFBotk8pByNWlfnfM5CDvmF77_WiiuFNgpHIZxlGWRHQw0-4gvTUqWgV2KBjZIYjEd1YCz9Yt1sIgI2kJClGqzMpT6_8awszEVds0kBCoRVw0cwriIsHOlFQ/s400/Cardboard+Camera+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cardboard Camera" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicgVPLEke-HXx7eMLFaXUuxFBotk8pByNWlfnfM5CDvmF77_WiiuFNgpHIZxlGWRHQw0-4gvTUqWgV2KBjZIYjEd1YCz9Yt1sIgI2kJClGqzMpT6_8awszEVds0kBCoRVw0cwriIsHOlFQ/w320-h170/Cardboard+Camera+1.jpg" title="Cardboard Camera" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMb2uN0W7zEMap7JGkTQO23-9BU2r8YTWlxGRm3sZ2en3uapY8xAvfJYP0MEtYqjXhHojqfZ4Pu5-DsXJvQ427l-EAzhzEbwEQSCqEDHPs2WSg9KCteIi2Tqrz6Lq4A_6TIfotM5luiyD/s400/Cardboard+Camera.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMb2uN0W7zEMap7JGkTQO23-9BU2r8YTWlxGRm3sZ2en3uapY8xAvfJYP0MEtYqjXhHojqfZ4Pu5-DsXJvQ427l-EAzhzEbwEQSCqEDHPs2WSg9KCteIi2Tqrz6Lq4A_6TIfotM5luiyD/s320/Cardboard+Camera.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> IKEA, a home furnishings retailer, has launched a unique card-shaped camera with the brand KNAPPA. This thin camera is made of recycled cardboard, powered by 2 AAA size batteries, can store up to 40 photos and has an integrated USB connector. 3. Gunshape Camera<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJBjvw3b883Jt0KAoFcSil7YEOzZUJE6wfSAeWXCDckES9SwEr7ouGRATCcJpZWJvdA2vXjkxGEp7Yn4IxgVz5Axq1TxKZlZp-89G-zhVr7PLf6N0Dqy75YVYeJ4IURwQ00vkuvZfamaC/s400/Gunshape+Camera+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Gunshape Camera" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDJBjvw3b883Jt0KAoFcSil7YEOzZUJE6wfSAeWXCDckES9SwEr7ouGRATCcJpZWJvdA2vXjkxGEp7Yn4IxgVz5Axq1TxKZlZp-89G-zhVr7PLf6N0Dqy75YVYeJ4IURwQ00vkuvZfamaC/w320-h170/Gunshape+Camera+1.jpg" title="Gunshape Camera" width="320" /></a></div>This AIMAT branded camera does resemble a gun, equipped with a trigger that functions as a shutter button. Point the camera at the target object, then pull the trigger! However, Franziska Dierschke's AIMAT camera is just a concept and not for sale. 4. Binoculars Camera<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxTmoBNeJ5keA2nAEzTxSkZhjlzg4_qqea3JSD9P7S9NkZ7Mt7urT_DfMG0Olfe3EE2PaDndtrXqmbe-8tvkq1t0OM0uNPop46chr1TPKxEny5IaClTV4Lw8RkFaFKZT2eQkqlotM8bVfc/s400/Binoculars+Camera+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Binoculars Camera" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxTmoBNeJ5keA2nAEzTxSkZhjlzg4_qqea3JSD9P7S9NkZ7Mt7urT_DfMG0Olfe3EE2PaDndtrXqmbe-8tvkq1t0OM0uNPop46chr1TPKxEny5IaClTV4Lw8RkFaFKZT2eQkqlotM8bVfc/w320-h170/Binoculars+Camera+1.jpg" title="Binoculars Camera" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwMQt-m4AN2jkfo5a1-jnWTBvMQ7yMIHAKqxfv1qxIi_8oQAf64dbisVU9Wo29ymIME_HQBzc_hpqXtJ1aAai6Zx540LYLGNxTfxf6CIB0Tolq47kgMPU2_Vm6ocR0aQsKL3bsoXQLaUa/s400/Binoculars+Camera.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Binoculars Camera 1" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwMQt-m4AN2jkfo5a1-jnWTBvMQ7yMIHAKqxfv1qxIi_8oQAf64dbisVU9Wo29ymIME_HQBzc_hpqXtJ1aAai6Zx540LYLGNxTfxf6CIB0Tolq47kgMPU2_Vm6ocR0aQsKL3bsoXQLaUa/w320-h170/Binoculars+Camera.jpg" title="Binoculars Camera 1" width="320" /></a></div> The famous gadget maker from Tokyo named Thanko, made a camera called the UDGZDC8M. Binoculars (binoculars) with 4x digital zoom feature. This 8 megapixel camera is also equipped with an LCD screen, memory slot and USB port. 5. Ring Camera<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGt9ocCIs0Fxb_NyvNlt6rLAvCHsRbpqaG60IN9ElRPdh8uLrLVynbU2y6EkUmF0O3-P94fffTEPY_aJiGMqmZKY9ce2QqXtPrEHtwfVfB4sTyWI_AEmE9KIKTUrbShGUDW3ZInK8ZMqax/s400/Ring+Camera.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ring Camera" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGt9ocCIs0Fxb_NyvNlt6rLAvCHsRbpqaG60IN9ElRPdh8uLrLVynbU2y6EkUmF0O3-P94fffTEPY_aJiGMqmZKY9ce2QqXtPrEHtwfVfB4sTyWI_AEmE9KIKTUrbShGUDW3ZInK8ZMqax/w320-h170/Ring+Camera.jpg" title="Ring Camera" width="320" /></a></div>This Snap-branded camera is produced by Canon, in the form of a silver ring which at first glance looks very much like a real ring. The camera lens is located in the circle where precious stones are usually placed. Very useful for spying on a place or a person.

5 Unique Cameras

For professional photographers, the best camera is the camera with the best capture, camera resolution, sensor, and ISO is a camera that must be taken anywhere. Well, for those who are not professiona…

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